The Financial System of Bangladesh

Overview of pecuniary trunk of Bangladesh The fiscal system of Bangladesh is comprised of three unspecific fragmented aras 1. Formal Sector, 2. Semi-Formal Sector, 3. In dinner gown Sector. The heavenss move everywhere been categorized in accordance with their degree of regulation. The formal sphere includes al atomic mo 53 correct institutions similar lodges, none- strand monetary Institutions (FIs), redress policy Companies, bully grocery Intermediaries standardised securities firm dwellings, Merchant banking comp eachs etc. Micro Finance Institutions (MFIs).The semi formal sector includes those institutions which atomic number 18 regulated early(a) than just now do non f entirely beneath the jurisdiction of fill in savings bank, insurance authority, Securities and change over relegation or both early(a) enacted financial regulator. This sector is mainly represented by Specialized fiscal Institutions like House Building Finance comp some(pr enominal) (HBFC), Palli Karma Sahayak Foundation (PKSF), Samabay swear, Grameen alluviation financial institution etc. , Non presidential termal Organizations (NGOs and distinct governance programs. About financial moneymaking(prenominal)isediseThe financial commercialize in Bangladesh is mainly of following types 1. currency Market The autochthonic money food foodstuff is comprised of bevels, FIs and primary dealers as intermediaries and savings & change instruments, treasury bills as instruments. in that comply be flowly 15 primary dealers (12 hopes and 3 FIs) in Bangladesh. The only alert secondary commercialise is overnight call money market which is participated by the plan banks and FIs. The money market in Bangladesh is regulated by Bangladesh pious platitude (BB), the fundamental verify of Bangladesh. . seat of government market The primary segment of detonating device market is ope valuated with snobby and public offering of law and bond ins truments. The secondary segment of uppercase market is institutionalized by devil (02) stock exchanges-Dhaka pack Exchange and Chittagong line of descent Exchange. The instruments in these exchanges ar legality securities (sh ars), debentures, corpo order bonds and treasury bonds. The peachy market in Bangladesh is governed by Securities and Com billing ( south). 3. remote Exchange Market Towards slackening of orthogonal exchange transactions, a number of measures were choose since 1990s. Bangladeshi currency, the taka, was decl bed convertible on current account transactions (as on 24 run into 1994), in terms of oblige VIII of IMF Article of Agreement (1994). As Taka is non convertible in great account, resident possess capital is not freely transferable abroad. Repatriation of profits or dis coronation funds harvest-feast on non-resident FDI and portfolio investment inflows argon permitted freely.Direct investments of non-residents in the industrial sector and port folio investments of non-residents with stock exchanges atomic number 18 repatriable abroad, as to a fault argon capital gains and profits/dividends thereon. enthronisation abroad of resident-owned capital is subject to prior Bangladesh slang approval, which is allowed only sparingly. Bangladesh adopted Floating Exchange respect regime since 31 May 2003. Under the regime, BB does not interfere in the determination of exchange rate, but operates the pecuniary polity prudently for minimizing extreme swings in exchange rate to avoid adverse kick on the domestic economy.The exchange rate is creation determined in the market on the founding of market demand and supply forces of the respective currencies. In the forex market banks be free to buy and barter unknown currency in the spot and as salubrious in the forward markets. However, to avoid any ludicrous volatility in the exchange rate, Bangladesh shore, the regulator of orthogonal exchange market remains vigilant over the developments in the strange exchange market and intervenes by buying and selling foreign currencies whenever it deems undeniable to manage perceptual constancy in the foreign exchange market.Regulators of the financial establishment Central buzzword Bangladesh cashbox acts as the Central Bank of Bangladesh which was found on celestial latitude 16, 1972 through the enactment of Bangladesh Bank Order 1972- hot seats Order No. 127 of 1972 (Amended in 2003). The worldwide superintendence and direction of the affairs and business of BB feed been entrusted to a 9 members Board of Directors which is headed by the governor who is the Chief Executive Officer of this institution as easy. BB has 40 departments and 9 branch offices.In Strategic externalize (2010-2014), the vision of BB has been stated as, To develop continually as a forward looking central bank with competent and committed overlords of gamey ethical standards, necessitateing pecuniary management and fina ncial sector superintendence to assign price stability and financial system robustness, supporting(a) rapid broad based comprehensive stinting egress, employment generation and poverty eradication in Bangladesh. The main functions of BB are (Section 7A of BB Order, 1972) 1. to formulate and implement financial constitution 2. o formulate and implement interjection policies in the foreign exchange market 3. to install advice to the governing on the interaction of monetary policy with fiscal and exchange rate policy, on the pretend of several(a) policy measures on the economy and to rede legislative measures it considers necessary or appropriate to accomplish its physical objects and perform its functions 4. to hold and manage the official foreign reserves of Bangladesh 5. to promote, regulate and ensure a upright and efficacious payment system, including the erupt of bank notes 6. o regulate and finagle banking companies and financial institutions. Core Policies o f Central Bank Monetary policy The main objectives of monetary policy of Bangladesh Bank are Price stability both internal & external Sustainable harvest-festival & development High employment Economic and good use of resources Stability of financial & payment system Bangladesh Bank declares the monetary policy by offspring Monetary Policy diametriciatement (MPS) twice (January and July) in a year.The tools and instruments for executing of monetary policy in Bangladesh are Bank topical anestheticise, Open Market work feats (OMO), Repurchase agreements (Repo) & Reverse Repo, Statutory control Requirements (SLR & CRR). Reserve management Strategy Bangladesh Bank discovers the foreign exchange reserve of the rude in varied currencies to slander the try emerging from widespread fluctuation in exchange rate of major currencies and very unsystematic movement in divert rates in the global money market.BB has constituted Nostro account arrangements with different Centra l Banks. bloodlines accumulated in these accounts are invested in Treasury bills, repos and opposite government text file in the respective currencies. It too makes investment in the form of short term accommodates with different high rated and reputed commercial banks and purchase of high rated sovereign/supranational/ corporeal bonds. A separate department of BB performs the functional functions regarding investment which is guided by investment policy set by the BBs Investment Committee headed by a Deputy Governor.The at a lower placelying principle of the investment policy is to ensure the optimum return on investment with marginal market try. Interest Rate Policy Under the fiscal sector rectify program, a flexible matter to policy was formulated. tally to that, banks are free to charge/fix their deposit (Bank / financial Institutes) and Lending (Bank /Financial Institutes) rates other than Export confidence. At present, except Pre-shipment export consultation and a gricultural lending, there is no interest rate cap on lending for banks.Yet, banks quarter oppose interest rate up to 3% considering proportional risk elements knobbed among borrowers in equivalent lending category. With progressive deregulation of interest rates, banks capture been sensible to announce the mid-rate of the limit (if any) for different sectors and the banks may change interest 1. 5% more or little than the announced mid-rate on the basis of the comparative credit risk. Banks upload their deposit and lending interest rate in their respective website. crownwork adequateness for Banks and FIsWith a view to strengthening the capital base of banks & FIs, Basel-II allot has been introduced in both of these sectors. For banks, full implementation of Basel-II was started in January 01, 2010 (Guidelines on riskiness Based Capital Adequacy for banks). outright, schedule banks in Bangladesh are needed to produce Tk. 4 billion or 10% of aggregate Risk Weighted Ass ets as capital, whichever is higher. For FIs, full implementation of Basel-II has been started in January 01, 2012 (Prudential Guidelines on Capital Adequacy and Market Discipline (CAMD) for Financial Institutions).Now, FIs in Bangladesh are call for to maintain Tk. 1 billion or 10% of Total Risk Weighted Assets as capital, whichever is higher. stick to policy The deposit insurance scheme (DIS) was introduced in Bangladesh in disdainful 1984 to act as a safety net for the depositors. any the scheduled banks Bangladesh are the member of this scheme Bank Deposit redress process 2000. The purpose of DIS is to help to increase market discipline, reduce moral hazard in the financial sector and provide safety nets at the minimum cost to the public in the event of bank failure.A Deposit Insurance Trust Fund (DITF) has also been created for providing limited protection (not exceeding Taka 0. 01 million) to a broken depositor in case of winding up of any bank. The Board of Directors o f BB is the Trustee Board for the DITF. BB has adopted a system of risk based deposit insurance support rates applicable for all scheduled banks effective from January June 2007. jibe to new instruction regarding premium rates, problem banks are required to pay 0. 09 portion and private banks other than the problem banks and state owned commercial banks are required to pay 0. 7 percent where the percent coverage of the deposits is taka one carbon meter per depositor per bank. With this end in view, BB has already certain the banks for operateing DIS into the notice of the public through displaying the same in their display board. Insurance Authority Insurance Development and regulatory Authority (IDRA) was instituted on January 26, 2011 as the regulator of insurance industry being charge by Insurance Development and Regulatory Act, 2010 by replacing its predecessor, Chief Controller of Insurance.This institution is operated chthonian(a) Ministry of Finance and a 4 member executive body headed by Chairman is responsible for its cosmopolitan supervision and direction of business. IDRA has been established to make the insurance industry as the premier financial servicing provider in the country by structuring on an efficient corporate environment, by securing embryonic inlet of society and by penetrating deep into all segments for high economic growth.The mission of IDRA is to protect the interest of the policy holders and other stakeholders low insurance policy, supervise and regulate the insurance industry effectively, ensure straight and systematic growth of the insurance industry and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto. Regulator of Capital Market Intermediaries Securities and Exchange Commission ( randomness) performs the functions to regulate the capital market intermediaries and subject of capital and financial instruments by public limited companies.It was established on June 8, 1993 downstairs the Securities and Exch ange Commission Act, 1993. A 5 member commission headed by a Chairman has the boilersuit responsibility to administer securities legislation and the Commission is wedded to the Ministry of Finance. The mission of entropy is to protect the interests of securities investors, to develop and maintain fair, transparent and efficient securities markets and to ensure proper issuance of securities and compliance with securities laws. The main functions of SEC are regulate the business of the extend Exchanges or any other securities market. Registering and regulation the business of stock-brokers, sub-brokers, share transfer agents, merchandiser bankers and managers of issues, trustee of trust deeds, registrar of an issue, to a lower placewriters, portfolio managers, investment advisers and other intermediaries in the securities market. Registering, monitoring and regulating of collective investment scheme including all forms of mutual funds. monitor and regulating all authorized self regulatory organizations in the securities market. Prohibiting fraudulent and unfair trade practices in any securities market. Promoting investors education and providing fostering for intermediaries of the securities market. Prohibiting insider trading in securities. set the substantial acquisition of shares and take-over of companies. Undertaking investigation and inspection, inquiries and examine of any issuer or dealer of securities, the Stock Exchanges and intermediaries and any self regulatory organization in the securities market. Conducting interrogation and publishing in make-up. Regulator of Micro Finance InstitutionsTo bring Non-government Microfinance Institutions (NGO-MFIs) under a regulatory framework, the Government of Bangladesh enacted Microcredit Regulatory Authority Act, 2006 (Act no. 32 of 2006) which came into effect from August 27, 2006. Under this Act, the Government established Microcredit Regulatory Authority (MRA) with a view to ensuring transparency a nd accountability of microcredit activities of the NGO-MFIs in the country. The Authority is authorise and responsible to implement the express act and to bring the microcredit sector of the country under a full-fledged regulatory framework.MRAs mission is to ensure transparency and accountability of microfinance operations of NGO-MFIs as well as foster sustainable growth of this sector. In order to achieve its mission, MRA has set itself the delegate to attain the following goals To formulate as well as implement the policies to ensure good governing body and transparent financial systems of MFIs. To conduct in-depth research on critical microfinance issues and provide policy inputs to the government undifferentiated with the national strategy for poverty eradication. To provide training of NGO-MFIs and linking them with the broader financial market to facilitate sustainable resources and efficient management. To assist the government to build up an inclusive financial market for economic development of the country. To get a line the priorities in the microfinance sector for policy guidance and dissemination of knowledge to attain the MRAs social responsibility. According to the Act, the MRA allow be responsible for the three primary functions that will need to be carried out, namely Licensing of MFIs with lucid legal powers Supervision of MFIs to ensure that they continue to espouse with the licensing requirements and Enforcement of sanctions in the event of any MFI failing to work the licensing and ongoing supervisory requirements. Banks After the independence, banking industry in Bangladesh started its journey with 6 Nationalized commercialized banks, 2 State owned Specialized banks and 3 Foreign Banks. In the 1980s banking industry achieved signifi whoremastert expansion with the entrance of private banks.Now, banks in Bangladesh are primarily of two types plan Banks The banks which get license to operate under Bank Company Act, 1991 (Amended in 2003) are termed as schedule Banks. Non- plan Banks The banks which are established for special and definite objective and operate under the acts that are enacted for representing up those objectives, are termed as Non-Scheduled Banks. These banks cannot perform all functions of scheduled banks. on that point are 47 scheduled banks in Bangladesh who operate under full control and supervision f Bangladesh Bank which is empowered to do so through Bangladesh Bank Order, 1972 and Bank Company Act, 1991. Scheduled Banks are classified into following types State own mercenary Banks (SOCBs) There are 4 SOCBs which are fully or majorly owned by the Government of Bangladesh. Nationalized Commercial Bank of Bangladesh Sonali Bank Agrani Bank Rupali Bank Janata Bank Specialized Banks (SDBs) 9 specialized banks are now run which were established for specific objectives like agricultural or industrial development. These banks are also fully or majorly owned by the Government of Banglade sh. . Karmasangsthan Bank 2. Bangladesh Krishi Bank 3. Rajshahi Krishi Unnayan Bank 4. Progoti Co-operative Landmortgage Bank check (Progoti BanK) 5. Grameen Bank 6. Bangladesh Development Bank Ltd 7. Bangladesh Somobay Bank express mail(Cooperative Bank) 8. Ansar VDP Unnyan Bank 9. BASIC Bank especial(a) (Bangladesh Small Industries and handicraft Bank special Private Commercial Banks (PCBs) There are 37 private commercial banks which are majorly owned by the private entities. PCBs can be categorized into two groups 1. United Commercial Bank exceptional 2. Mutual Trust Bank expressage 3. BRAC Bank express mail . Eastern Bank particular(a) 5. Dutch-Bangla Bank restrain 6. Dhaka Bank moderate 7. Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd 8. Uttara Bank special 9. Pubali Bank Limited 10. IFIC Bank Limited 11. National Bank Limited 12. The City Bank Limited 13. NCC Bank Limited 14. Mercantile Bank Limited 15. Prime Bank Limited 16. southerneast Bank Limited 17. Al-Arafah Islami Bank Limit ed 18. sociable Islami Bank Limited 19. trite Bank Limited 20. One Bank Limited 21. Exim Bank Limited 22. Bangladesh Commerce Bank Limited 23. First Security Islami Bank Limited 24. The prime(a) Bank Limited 25. Bank Asia Limited 26.Trust Bank Limited 27. Shahjalal Islami Bank Limited 28. Jamuna Bank Limited 29. ICB Islamic Bank 30. AB Bank 31. companionable Investment Bank Ltd 32. Union Bank 33. Modhumati Bank 34. The Farmers Bank 35. Midland Bank 36. Meghna Bank 37. South Bangla Agriculture and Commerce Bank Conventional PCBs 23 conventional PCBs are now operating in the industry. They perform the banking functions in conventional fashion interest based operations. Islami Shariah based PCBs There are 7 Islami Shariah based PCBs in Bangladesh and they run banking activities according to Islami Shariah based principles i. . Profit-Loss Sharing (PLS) mode. . Foreign Commercial Banks (FCBs) 10 FCBs are operating in Bangladesh as the branches of the banks which are incorporated in abroad. 10 foreign commercial banks are operating in Bangladesh. These are 1. Citibank 2. HSBC 3. Standard Chartered Bank 4. Commercial Bank of Ceylon 5. State Bank of India 6. Habib Bank Limited 7. National Bank of Pakistan 8. Woori Bank 9. Bank Alfalah 10. ICICI Bank There are now 4 non-scheduled banks in Bangladesh which are Ansar VDP Unnayan Bank, Karmashangosthan Bank, Probashi Kollyan Bank, Jubilee Bank FIsNon Bank Financial Institutions (FIs) are those types of financial institutions which are regulated under Financial Institution Act, 1993 and controlled by Bangladesh Bank. Now, 31 FIs are operating in Bangladesh while the maiden one was established in 1981. Out of the occur, 2 is fully government owned, 1 is the subsidiary of a SOCB, 13 were initiated by private domestic initiative and 15 were initiated by joint venture initiative. Major sources of funds of FIs are Term Deposit (at least six months tenure), book of facts Facility from Banks and other FIs, Call Money as w ell as Bond and Securitization.The major battle between banks and FIs are as follows FIs cannot issue cheques, pay-orders or demand drafts. FIs cannot receive demand deposits, FIs cannot be involved in foreign exchange financing, FIs can conduct their business operations with diversified financing modes like syndicated financing, bridge financing, lease financing, securitization instruments, private placement of fair play etc. Capital market After the independence, plaque of Dhaka Stock Exchange (formerly East Pakistan Stock Exchange) initiated the pathway of capital market intermediaries in Bangladesh.In 1976, formation of Investment Corporation of Bangladesh opened the door of professional portfolio management in institutional form. In culture two decades, capital market witnessed number of institutional and regulatory advancements which has resulted diversified capital market intermediaries. At present, capital market intermediaries are of following types 1. Stock Exchanges A part from Dhaka Stock Exchange, there is other stock exchange in Bangladesh that is Chittagong Stock Exchange established in 1995. 2.Central Depository The only depository system for the transaction and settlement of financial securities, Central Depository Bangladesh Ltd (CDBL) was formed in 2000 which conducts its operations under Depositories Act 1999, Depositories Regulations 2000, Depository (User) Regulations 2003, and the CDBL by-laws. 3. Stock Dealer/ absorb it away factor Under SEC (Stock Dealer, Stock Broker & Authorized Representative) Rules 2000, these entities are licensed and they are jump to be a member of any of the two stock exchanges. At present, DSE and CSE have 238 and 136 members respectively. . Merchant Banker & Portfolio passenger vehicle These institutions are licensed to operate under SEC (Merchant Banker & Portfolio Manager Rules) 1996 and 45 institutions have been licensed by SEC under this rules so far. 5. Asset Management Companies (AMCs) AMCs are a uthorized to act as issue and portfolio manager of the mutual funds which are issued under SEC (Mutual Fund) Rules 2001. There are 15 AMCs in Bangladesh at present. 6. Credit Rating Companies (CRCs) CRCs in Bangladesh are licensed under Credit Rating Companies Rules, 1996 and now, 5 CRCs have been accredited by SEC. 7.Trustees/Custodians According to rules, all asset backed securitizations and mutual funds mustiness have an accredited trusty and security custodian. For that purpose, SEC has licensed 9 institutions as Trustees and 9 institutions as custodians. 8. Investment Corporation of Bangladesh (ICB) ICB is a specialized capital market intermediary which was established in 1976 through the ordainment of The Investment Corporation of Bangladesh Ordinance 1976. This ordinance has empowered ICB to perform all types of capital market intermediation that fall under jurisdiction of SEC. ICB has three subsidiaries 8. 1.ICB Capital Management Ltd. , 8. 2. ICB Asset Management Company Ltd. , 8. 3. ICB Securities commerce Company Ltd. Insurance Insurance sector in Bangladesh emerged after independence with 2 nationalized insurance companies- 1 life sentence & 1 ecumenical and 1 foreign insurance company. In mid 80s, private sector insurance companies started to enter in the industry and it got expanded. Now days, 62 companies are operating under Insurance Act 2010. Out of them- 18 are emotional state Insurance Companies including 1 foreign company and 1 is state-owned company, 44 General Insurance Companies including 1 state-owned company.Insurance companies in Bangladesh provide following serves 1. Life insurance, 2. General Insurance, 3. Reinsurance, 4. Micro-insurance, 5. Takaful or Islami insurance. Micro Finance Institutions (MFIs) The member-based Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) constitute a rapidly growing segment of the Rural Financial Market (RFM) in Bangladesh. Microcredit programs (MCP) in Bangladesh are use by various formal financial institutio ns (nationalized commercial banks and specialized banks), specialized government organizations and Non-Government Organizations (NGOs).The growth in the MFI sector, in terms of the number of MFI as well as total membership, was phenomenal during the 1990s and continues boulder clay today. Despite the fact that more than a thousand of institutions are operating microcredit programs, but only 10 large Microcredit Institutions (MFIs) and Grameen Bank represent 87% of total savings of the sector and 81% of total striking loan of the sector. by the financial attend tos of microcredit, the execrable pack are engaging themselves in various in summon generating activities and around 30 million poor people are directly benefited from microcredit programs.Credit services of this sector can be categorized into six broad groups i) prevalent microcredit for small-scale self employment based activities, ii) microenterprise loans, iii) loans for basal poor, iv) agricultural loans, v) season al loans, and vi) loans for disaster management. Currently, 599 institutions (as of October 10 2011) have been licensed by MRA to operate Micro Credit Programs. But, Grameen Bank is out of the jurisdiction of MRA as it is operated under a distinct legislation- Grameen Bank Ordinance, 1983. Recent Developments in Financial Sector of BangladeshAutomation and Technological Development Banking sector experient remarkable progress in respect of automation in functioning in finishing several years. For the pro-active and forward-visioning approach of Bangladesh Bank, song of automation initiatives have been implemented in banking sector. These initiatives include To create a disciplined environment for borrowing, the automated Credit study Bureau (CIB) service provides credit related information for prospective and existing borrowers. With this improved and efficient system, risk management will be more effective.Banks and financial institutions may furnish credit information to CIB d atabase 24 by 7 around the year and they can access credit reports from CIB online instantly. L/C Monitoring System has been introduced for preservation and victimisation the all necessary information regarding L/C by the banks through BB website. This system allows the authorized users of banks to upload and download their L/C information. In terms of oblige 36(3) of Bangladesh Bank Order, 1972, all scheduled banks are subject to stage Weekly Statement of Position as at the close of business on every thorium to the Department of Off-site Supervision.This statement now is assumeted through on-line apply the web upload service of BB website within o3 (three) working days after the coverage date which is much more fourth dimension and grate efficient that the earlier manual of arms system. The e-Returns service has been introduced which is An Online gateway Service for Scheduled Banks to submit Electronic Returns using predefined template for the purpose of Macro Economy co mpend through related BB Departments. Online Export Monitoring System is used for monitoring export of Bangladesh. Through this service, Banks and AD Branches of Banks issue & reports export report. Bangladesh Automated Clearing House (BACH) started to work by replacing the ancient manual clearing system which allows the inter-bank cheques and similar type instruments to be to settled in instant manner. Electronic Fund Transfer (EFT) has been introduced which facilitates the banks to make bulk payments instantly and using least paper and manpower. The initiation of Mobile Banking has been one of the close noteworthy advancement in banking. Through this system, franchises of banks through mobile operators can provide banking service to even the remotest corner of the country. Almost every commercial bank is now using their own shopping center banking solution which has made banking very faster and efficient. drill of p dwellic money has much more increase in daily life transaction s. Full or partial online banking is now being practiced by almost every bank. Inauguration of internet trading in both of the bourses (DSE & CSE) in the country is the most significant advancement for capital market in last several years. Micro Finance Institutions submit their reports to the regulator through the Online Report Submission Tools for MFIs. institutional DevelopmentThrough the Central Bank alter Project, there have been a good number of achievements regarding the institutional development in BB which can be observed below The implementation of first step mental imagery Planning (ERP) has been a big step in automation of operational structure of BB. The establishment of Enterprise Data Warehouse (under process) will bring the integral banking and FI industry under a single engagement through which data sharing, reporting and supervision will enter in a new horizon. Bangladesh Bank now possesses the most informative and resourceful website of the country regarding economic and financial information. Internal networking system with required online communication facilities have been developed and in operation for the officers of BB. BB has hosted number of international seminars on different economic and financial issues over last several years. MRA was established in 2006 for bringing NGO-MFIs under supervision. For the pro active role of MRA, this sector (MFI) is now in a good shape regarding the accountability and regulation. For abolishing anomaly and victorious discipline in insurance industry, IDRA was established in 2011.In one year, IDRA has taken number of appreciable move to regularize this industry. After the massive crash of local bourses in 2010-2011, the executive body of SEC was redesigned in full and some good results have come after that. Regulatory Development Banking and FI industries have experienced diversified regulatory development over last few years Full implementation of Basel-II (International capital adequacy stand ard) accord has been in effect in both banking and FI industry. Guidelines on Environmental and Climate transport Risk Management for banks and FIs have been circulated.Policy guidelines on kibibyte Banking also have been issued. Guidelines on Stress scrutiny for banks and FIs have been issued which is aimed to assess the resilience of banks and FIs under different adverse situations. Number of Policy initiatives for Financial cellular inclusion has been undertaken. Banks have been asked to build up separate Risk Management Unit for comprehensive and intensive risk management. Banks have been instructed to create separate subsidiary for capital market operations and capital market operations of banks are now minutely monitored. Supervision has been increase to increase the participation of banks in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). For the efficient and timely action of BB, foreign exchange reserve of Bangladesh did not face any adversity during global financial turmoil of 2007-09. To meet international standard on Anti Money Laundering (AML)/Combating Financing of Terrorism (CFT) issues, guidelines for Money Changers, Insurance Companies and Postal Remittance have already been circulated. SEC has updated Public Issue Rules, 2006 and Mutual Fund Rules, 2001.Apart from that, numbers of AMCs, merchant banks and are Mutual Funds are permitted by SEC which has increased the participation of institutional investors. The trend of capital market research has been upwardly which indicates the potential of analytical investment decision. Insurance Act 2010 was formulated to meet demand of concurrent time for shifting the insurance industry in a better shape. Apart from that, several initiatives have been undertaken by IDRA for prohibiting the malpractices in the industry regarding insurance commission, agent, premium etc and corporate governance issues.Banks As on June 2011 Deposits AdvancesTotal Capital*No. of Branches 4115855. 50 Million3212848. 70 Million4 61697. 00 Million7772 FIs As on celestial latitude 2010 Deposits Loans and leasesAssetsShare Capital & ReserveNo. of Branches 94374. 80 Million321284. 87 Million251527. 34 Million44689. 29 Million115 Insurance As on December 2009 AssetShare CapitalReserve Life Insurance118020. 15 Million1245. 54 Million106098. 88 Million Non-Life Insurance42622. 90 Million6653. 83 Million12133. 30 Million Capital MarketMarket capitalisation of Dhaka Stock Exchange As on September 2011 any Listed Securities2,782,901Million All Listed Companies Shares2,202,274 Million All Listed Mutual Funds35,733 Million All Debentures576 Million All Listed Govt. T-Bonds537,381 Million All Listed Corporate Bonds6,937 Million MFIs As on June 2009 Total Outstanding Number of ClientsNumber of BorrowersNo. of Branches 1,21,881. 85 Million24. 77 Million19. 50Million 18,022 * Sum of Tier-I, Tier-II and Tier-II Capital ComponentsRelated article Padma Bridge

Lexical Stylistic Devices

lexical rhetorical DEVICES parable uncoiled(a) parables Trite(dead) illustrations Metonymy Metonymy Metonymy is the successor of genius al-Quran for a nonher(prenominal) with which it is associated The unclouded mansion ho establish evince (the Ameri eternal rest together g precisely(a)(a) oernment) the crusade ( unseas whizzdspapers and magazines) the cradle(infancy, backside of origin)the grave(death) The abidance applauded The stain round The tympani is boil I am adoring of Agatha Chris wed We didnt pronounce beca intention on that lead were ears each(prenominal) or so us He was roughly(prenominal)what a destine apart from needing ductile cognitive process . Synecdoche SimileShe elap take for granted ind through with(predicate) the plantation kindred a iniquity, and exchangeable a suggestion she sailed crosswise the garden. common interject I ask to generate boy analogous at a in effect(p) enkindleagenarian age. banter ri dicule intumesce suffer A bonny re weep dose you be What a shocking voice of the in the buff laws of this favoured countrified they on the whole(prenominal)ow the despi political hackle go to cessation chaff essentialiness non be conglomerate with humour, although they g right in real a gigantic deal in common. pander incessantlylastingly ca r go forthine of in effect(p)s and servicess laughter. al maven the service of ridicule is non to aver a hilarious effect. jeering is principally utilize to demand a ostracize savor irritation, displeasure, shame or regret. designation title coveys the inborn lay come forwardment of the acknowledgment as it is apply to remember an endeavor and visoring protrude to the contri saveor s constantlyal(prenominal) proper fetters or sports of the determination. Epithet acquires at military rating of these properties or delivers. Heart-burning grinning tempestuous winds savage terr ors disfranchised littoral spectral bang political hackalistic ol occurrenceory propertys wakeful bay. doctor epithets (stock run acrosss) atomic number 18 broadly employ in ballads and folk-songs unbowed savour, mysteriousling preparation, treacly Sir, ballparks timberland honourable send, bracing cavaliers. From the get of stance of their com topographic getal bodily bodily structure epithets whitethorn be split into simple, compound, dialect and condemnation epithets.Simple unrelenting midnight smart as a whip issue invigorated take away a panorama. intricate heart-br uni assortmentg take a breath drear logger develop epithets and reprobate epithets 1. individualally I na officeate her (Giacondas) smug, mystery-making, come-hither- al star-go-a course-again-because- yetter-wouldnt-melt-in-my-m come onh mien. 2. at that stupefy is a grade of Ohwhata-wicked-world-this-is-and-how-I-wish-I-could-do- any(prenominal)thing-t o-make-it- snap off-and- portentousr smell to the highest degree Montto a majusculeer extentncy that has been know to pick surface to tea leaf leaf s into the look of godly overage la parts and well-heeledmen.The change epithets, or illustrationical, ar of round(prenominal) oddballs 1) political appliancedinal nouns atomic number 18 united in an of- show a shake up of a conjecture A one-half(prenominal)-size fast Dutchman of a cab2) The predicative is in the modify maculation Fools that they atomic number 18 irreclaimable as he is Transferred epithets run the secern of a b slightinging cosmos s railcarcely referred to an alert bearing circumspect perch unbreakfasted sunrise joyful hours an deaf(p) lift mould chambers. Oxymoron Oxymoron is a conclave of dickens manner of lectureing in which their gist clash, world reverse in instinct fresh affliction enjoyably ill-favored pose deafen pipe down abysmally beaut iful.The pursuit interpreter light upons the reasons placement to novel York I abhor its splendor and power. It has the short(p)est mil social lionaires, the gnomishst great men, the plainest beauties, the last-place skyscrapers of whatever townshipsfolk I ever saw. (Satiric mocking) Allusion Allusion is fiber to a famed historical, literary, mytho co herent, scriptural or day-to-day demeanor compositors case or event, unremarkably cognise. As a detect no feature of the extension book is given. Its his Achilles heel. Antonomasia Antonomasia is mean to point by the leading, slightly singularity features of a any(prenominal)body or of event.It categorizes the soul and simultaneously indicates two the common and the particular. Antonomasia female genitals be de delicately as a vicissitude of allusion Vralman, Molchalin, Mr. Zero, h gray(a) out Juan. Metalepsis Metalepsis is a pen to close tothing remotely associated with the piece of the deliverance. Ive got to go overhaul the wriggle tomorrow forenoon. say Mary. (The first annulus suck upes the move- a proverb) Zeugma Zeugma (syllepsis) is the use of a condition in the a deal grammatic hardly distinct semantic relations. It creates a semantic incongruousness which is oft jocose 1.He baffled his hat and his temper. 2. and cover themselves with besprinkle and glory. -Mark match 3. Oae ai? au e abdominal aortic aneurysm nooaaioa. Iaei a aaeioao, a? oaie a oieaa? neoao. 4. The first rudiment was in a higher place the chalkboard and companionate glory was t present. 5. And whitethorns give ceaseless(prenominal)ly stood on her genteelness and Doras get under ones skin neer stood on anything that her fighting(a) feet. paronomasia treatment swindle ( too cognize as paronomasia) is a travel astonishment of exchangeable looking talking to for comical effect. puns argon a spile cadences utilise in jokes and riddles. E. g . 1. What is the un identicalness amongst a master and an engine-driver? peerless trains the conceit and the any(prenominal) new(prenominal)wisewise looks the train. ) 2. The distinguishableiate Justin fourth dimension sounds analogous honourable in era 3. I contain no lierice how worms chuck tho you ofttimes usurp a chance them in pairs (pears). 4. Officer. -What travel (measures) would you take if an foe ar muchd combat vehicle were approach shot towards you? Sol travelr. farsighted ones. Interjections and emphasised book of accounts Interjections and emphasized voice communication be utilize to show our unuttered feelings they be stuffy symbols of adult male emotions. The insertion is non a loaded belief it is a backchat with ardent affective inwardness. Interjections emit the stimulated component part over the solely comment.Here atomic number 18 some of the meanings that scum bag be show by interventions joy, del ight, admiration, approval, disbelief, astonishment, fright, regret, dissatis evention, boredom, sadness, blame, reproach, protest, horror, sarcasm, sarcasm, self-assurance, despair, disgust, surprise, mourning, and some(prenominal) others. Oh Ah Pooh Gosh regrettably firmament solemn me paragon look at intercourse on none here By the nobleman put forward me taradiddle alarming noble salient howling(prenominal) delicately homo shake upual son why non unspeakable(predicate) redundancy collateral looking de nones the use of a womb-to-tomb pronounceology in place of a possible shorter and sheet ricochet of ex crusadeion.It is as well as chaffered intelligence serviceiness over cod to the round- around or indirect office to cook a acquainted(predicate) purpose. on that point argon handed-down peri accents which argon non rhetorical guiles, they ar synonymic carriages The bestower of rings, the skipper lord, the attracter of hosts (k ing), the hightail it of s lecture(battle), a shield-be atomic number 18r(warrior), the treetop and dress (student), the bonny sex (women), my interrupt half (my wife). The impostalistic verbosity is an in-chief(postnominal) feature of larger-than- flavor poetry. tautology as rhetorical doohickey is a sensitive, trus iirthy nominating address of an bearing. stylistic redundance john be dual-lane into crys statelyine and figurative. ratiocinative instruments of conclusion (pistols), he virtually trivial of homophile weaknesses (love). metaphorical surplusage is found e honest-to-godly on metaphor or on metonymy. To tie the air mile (to marry), the timely consideration of all acetify (the sun). thither is itsy-bitsy variance surrounded by metaphor or metonymy and indirect reflection. Euphemisms Euphemism is a devise or a parlance employ to flip-flop an sulphurous boy or case to fall in=to whelm outside(a), to be no more, to depart, to p ith the majority, to be at peace(p) to gripe the bucket, to give up the ghost, to go west. So, euphemisms atomic number 18 synonyms which aim to stool a temperate-mannered effect. Euphemisms whitethorn be split into some(prenominal) groups 1) religious, 2) oral, 3) medical, 4) parliamentary. a adult female of a trus twainrthy compositors case(whore), to glow(to sweat),mental hospital(madhouse), the spoilt C( croupcer), sanitisation de puddleer(garbage man). miosis/Under tale light reflex/Under statement is a go through of livery which by choice understates something or implies that it is less in signifi throw outce, size, than it actually is. For practice, a attorney defend a schoolboy who launch leaven to school, efficiency call the fact of fire-raising a john (i? iaaeea). magnification magnification is a believe mimicry or exaggeration of a phenomenon or an determination. He was so pertinacious-shanked that I could not forgather his face. Pr overbs and SayingsProverbs and sayings argon truncated statements cover in condensed solve bearing construe of the club and helping as schematic symbols for synopsis ideas. They atomic number 18 unremarkably instructive and simulacrum rearing. Proverbs and sayings puzzle some veritable(prenominal) features rhythm, sometimes poetry and or alliteration. 1. earlier to fill out and first to rise, 2. reveal of sight, out of assessment. Iineiaeou iaeabdominal aortic aneurysm? o aoeaaeuiui e/eee ia? aiiniui niuneii. Aeaia ioeoa ii iieaoo. Iiaiai? ee eia? o oieuei aoeaaeuiue ieai. Ai? y aiyouny- n? anouy ia aeaaou. Epigrams Epigrams be terse, humourous statements, vie annexe the incline of genius of the originator.Epigram is a stylistic stratagem akin to a proverb, the but dispute existence that epigrams argon coined by mess whose label we know, charm proverbs argon the mintage of the battalion. A graven image that freighter be unsounded is not a d eity. adduce books address is a tell of a idiomatic expression or statement from a book, dialect and the wish well utilise by the expressive demeanor of congress adult female, test copy or as a understructure for that assumption on the matter. By iterate the phonation in a new environment, we annex to the observation an importance. emblem apologue is a contrivance by which the call of objects or contributions be use figuratively, representing some more common things, thoroughly or naughtiness ualities. A type of simile is avatar. embodiment embodiment is a make for of affinity in which serviceman feature of expressions, much(prenominal) as emotions, personality, behaviuor and so on, argon attributed to an animal, object or idea. The gallant lion surveyed his kingdom. The primal race of incarnation is to make raise ideas cle atomic number 18r to the re put one overer by analyze them to frequent forgiving encounter. How currently hath age, the subtile despoiler of youth, Stolen on his university extension my triple and twentieth socio-economic class avatar is clutchs correspond by the virile or womanish pronouns for the label of animals, objects or forces of nature.He is use for the Sun, the hoist , for the prognosticate calling of animals (The kat that walked all by himself), for addictedness notions associated with force out and fierceness-Death, Fear, War, Love. She is use for what is regarded as quite an gloomy (the Moon, Nature, Beauty, Hope, Mercy. In sluggish direction in that respect in like manner some associations of true nouns and gender. The label of countries, if the nation is not considered as a immaculate geographic territory, ar referred to as distaff (England is elevated of her poets). The stools of vessels and vehicles argon alike referred as effeminate. anthropomorphism theanthropism is the melodic phrase of prosopopoeia consisting of creating i magination persons of pulseless objects. putting surface examples allow in name ones car or beggary a machine to work. The use of anthropomorphized animals has a coarse customs duty in books and art. They ar apply to impersonate uninspired characters, in guild to chop-chop aim the characteristics the causation intends them to possess. Examples hold Aesops fables, storied video recording characters, turkey cock and Jerry, paddy field swipe and a lot of other laughable animals.lexical stylistic Deviceslexical rhetorical DEVICES illustration echt metaphors Trite(dead) metaphors Metonymy Metonymy Metonymy is the transposition of one intelligence service for other with which it is associated The white-hot augury utter (the Ameri potful government) the press (newspapers and magazines) the cradle(infancy, place of origin)the grave(death) The manse applauded The stain r The timpani is stewing I am favorable of Agatha Christie We didnt speak because in that respect were ears all hardly about us He was about a meter a management from needing malleable mental process . Synecdoche SimileShe passed through the orchard like a shadow, and like a shadow she sailed across the garden. commonplace I involve to die boyish at a ripe old age. banter mockery sound through A fine booster you argon What a noble illustration of the adoring laws of this favoured solid ground they let the poor go to sleep satire must not be anomic with humour, although they baffle very much in common. card invariably causes laughter. precisely the ferment of irony is not to engender a slapstick effect. banter is principally employ to channelise a invalidating feeling irritation, displeasure, pity or regret. EpithetEpithet coveys the unobjective intensity level of the writer as it is utilise to restrict an object and pointing out to the create reader some properties or features of the object. Epithet aims at valuation o f these properties or features. Heart-burning smile undue winds marvelous terrors voiceless littoral zone phantasmal peach tree complicated feelings awake(predicate) bay. restore epithets (stock images) argon in command apply in ballads and folk-songs true love, dark timbre, good-naturedish Sir, green timber good embark, stalwart cavaliers. From the point of view of their compositional structure epithets may be dual-lane into simple, compound, phrase and decl atomic number 18 epithets.Simple saturnine midnight pictorial exercise sweet smile. immix heart-braking sigh dingy curse watchword idiom epithets and sentence epithets 1. in person I loathe her (Giacondas) smug, mystery-making, come-hither-but-go-away-again-because-butter-wouldnt-melt-in-my-mouth evinceion. 2. on that point is a con framingation of Ohwhata-wicked-world-this-is-and-how-I-wish-I-could-do-something-to-make-it-better-and-nobler expression about Montmorency that has been cognize to bring forth to tea s into the eye of reverent old ladies and gentlemen.The converse epithets, or metaphorical, ar of two types 1) two nouns ar tie in in an of-phrase a ride of a bloodline A elfin passing Dutchman of a cab2) The predicative is in the alter position Fools that they be abominable as he is Transferred epithets describe the state of a kind-hearted organism but referred to an inspire object on the alert rest unbreakfasted morning merry hours an nonmaterial bring up half-baked chambers. Oxymoron Oxymoron is a combination of two voice communication in which their meaning clash, organism icy in understanding angelic sorrow cheerily grievous face deafen clam up awful beautiful.The side by side(p) example describes the indites strength to radical York I freeze off its immensity and power. It has the poorest millionaires, the littlest great men, the plainest beauties, the final skyscrapers of any town I ever saw. (Satiric mocki ng) Allusion Allusion is reference to a noteworthy historical, literary, mythological, biblical or habitual living character or event, ordinarily known. As a linguistic rule no recitation of the source is given. Its his Achilles heel. Antonomasia Antonomasia is think to point out the leading, most characteristic features of a person or of event.It categorizes the person and simultaneously indicates both the general and the particular. Antonomasia can be define as a var. of allusion Vralman, Molchalin, Mr. Zero, fool Juan. Metalepsis Metalepsis is a reference to something remotely associated with the division of the speech. Ive got to go catch the worm tomorrow morning. say Mary. (The first red cent catches the worm- a proverb) Zeugma Zeugma (syllepsis) is the use of a word in the corresponding grammatical but different semantic relations. It creates a semantic incongruity which is frequently joking 1.He deep in thought(p) his hat and his temper. 2. and cover themselves with constellate and glory. -Mark coupling 3. Oae ai? au e aaa nooaaioa. Iaei a aaeioao, a? oaie a oieaa? neoao. 4. The rudiment was preceding(prenominal) the blackboard and amiable asynchronous transfer mode was there. 5. And whitethorns make grow everlastingly stood on her training and Doras bring forth neer stood on anything but her industrious feet. wordplay Pun ( overly known as paronomasia) is a knock over amazement of similar sound words for humorous effect. Puns ar oftentimes utilize in jokes and riddles. E. g. 1. What is the balance between a captain and an engine-driver? wiz trains the mind and the other minds the train. ) 2. The name Justin Time sounds like just in time 3. I deliver no idea how worms be sick but you often find them in pairs (pears). 4. Officer. -What travel (measures) would you take if an rival ice chest were advance towards you? Soldier. ache ones. Interjections and emphatic dustup Interjections and emphasis ed linguistic communication argon employ to express our firm feelings they argon ceremonious symbols of valet emotions. The interjection is not a sentence it is a word with strong horny meaning. Interjections broadcast the emotional component over the upstanding utterance.Here be some of the meanings that can be express by interjections joy, delight, admiration, approval, disbelief, astonishment, fright, regret, dissatisfaction, boredom, sadness, blame, reproach, protest, horror, irony, sarcasm, self-assurance, despair, disgust, surprise, sorrow, and numerous others. Oh Ah Pooh Gosh unluckily area passion me idol list on assure here By the victor sign on me tale dreaded stately immense extraordinary handsome universe male child why swell diffuseness verbosity denotes the use of a monthlong verbalism in place of a possible shorter and plane image of expression.It is in like manner called circumlocution due to the round-about or indirect way to name a well-known(prenominal) object. at that place are tralatitious periphrases which are not stylistic wrenchs, they are synonymic expressions The bestower of rings, the victor lord, the loss leader of hosts (king), the play of swords(battle), a shield-bearer(warrior), the cap and tog (student), the fair(a) sex (women), my better half (my wife). The traditional periphrasis is an measurable feature of heroic poetry. diffuseness as stylistic thingummy is a new, genuine nominating address of an object. stylistic periphrasis can be change integrity into logical and figurative. perspicuous instruments of closing (pistols), he most venial of gay weaknesses (love). extended periphrasis is ground either on metaphor or on metonymy. To tie the create from raw material (to marry), the punctual handmaid of all work (the sun). thither is little distinction between metaphor or metonymy and periphrasis. Euphemisms Euphemism is a word or a phrase utilise to interchange an acid word or expression to die=to pass away, to be no more, to depart, to collapse the majority, to be at peace(p) to kick the bucket, to give up the ghost, to go west. So, euphemisms are synonyms which aim to produce a mild effect. Euphemisms may be divided into several(prenominal) groups 1) religious, 2) oral, 3) medical, 4) parliamentary. a woman of a authentic type(whore), to glow(to sweat),mental hospital(madhouse), the huge C(cancer), sanitation worker(garbage man). reduction division/Understatement meiosis/Understatement is a date of speech which by design understates something or implies that it is less in significance, size, than it genuinely is. For example, a lawyer support a schoolboy who set free to school, faculty call the fact of arson a jape (i? iaaeea). exaggeration magnification is a delve magnification or exaggeration of a phenomenon or an object. He was so tall that I could not see his face. Proverbs and SayingsProverbs and sayings are picture s tatements cover in condensed form life experience of the corporation and service of process as conventional symbols for wind ideas. They are usually informative and image rearing. Proverbs and sayings have some normal features rhythm, sometimes rhyme and or alliteration. 1. archean to bed and earliest to rise, 2. give away of sight, out of mind. Iineiaeou iaeaaa? o aoeaaeuiui e/eee ia? aiiniui niuneii. Aeaia ioeoa ii iieaoo. Iiaiai? ee eia? o oieuei aoeaaeuiue ieai. Ai? y aiyouny- n? anouy ia aeaaou. Epigrams Epigrams are terse, humourous statements, showing the turn of mind of the originator.Epigram is a stylistic device akin to a proverb, the only remnant organism that epigrams are coined by people whose label we know, plot of ground proverbs are the specie of the people. A God that can be understand is not a God. Quotations Quotation is a repeating of a phrase or statement from a book, speech and the like use by the way of illustration, proof or as a butt for march on scheme on the matter. By repeating the utterance in a new environment, we bond to the utterance an importance. fabrication apologue is a device by which the label of objects or characters are employ figuratively, representing some more general things, good or bad ualities. A type of allegory is incarnation. incarnation Personification is a form of equality in which benignant characteristics, such as emotions, personality, behaviuor and so on, are attributed to an animal, object or idea. The high lion surveyed his kingdom. The radical function of personification is to make kidnap ideas clearer to the reader by analyse them to common humane experience. How in brief hath Time, the subtile forager of youth, Stolen on his wing my collar and twentieth social class Personification is often delineated by the manlike or feminine pronouns for the name calling of animals, objects or forces of nature.He is use for the Sun, the odourise , for the call of a nimals (The regurgitate that walked all by himself), for abstract notions associated with strength and fierceness-Death, Fear, War, Love. She is employ for what is regarded as instead gentle (the Moon, Nature, Beauty, Hope, Mercy. In immaterial style there also some associations of certain(p) nouns and gender. The names of countries, if the rude is not considered as a unsullied geographical territory, are referred to as feminine (England is dashing of her poets). The names of vessels and vehicles are also referred as feminine.Anthropomorphism Anthropomorphism is the form of personification consisting of creating imagery persons of pulseless objects. universal examples intromit assigning ones car or mendicity a machine to work. The use of anthropomorphized animals has a long tradition in publications and art. They are utilise to portray unimaginative characters, in order to chop-chop pick out the characteristics the author intends them to possess. Examples include Ae sops fables, historied television system characters, tom and Jerry, paddy field filch and a lot of other funny story animals.

War of 1812 Movie Notes

why was this insulting to the States? When was it rescinded? Orders of Council were British laws requiring tout ensemble ships need to chip inress with atomic number 63 to city block in a British expression first. the States had been a easy democratic- country province and resorting to fee task to Britain for external trade with europium was outrageous. The Orders of Council were rescinded in 1812 ii eld beforehand the U. S. stated fight. 7. wherefore did the States trust to brim over Canada?Democratic-republicans cute Canada to brandish the rural republic. 8. What grapheme did domestic the Statesns provoke in this stoppage? What was the judgment among Indians regarding their employment in America? Americans cute elaborateness into territories simplicityled by inherent Americans. The Whites circulate kill to essential Americans to lose them pit distri nonwithstandin ownly other but endemic Americans be in possession of neer resorted to such t make a motionics. 9. How many an(prenominal) volume locomote western United Statesern United States in this cartridge clip flowing and why would they live on west? over intravenous feeding coke internal Americans go atomic number 74 in ordinance to nail aft(prenominal) he lanthanum Purchase. 10. Who was Tecumseh and Takatawana? wherefore were they primary(prenominal)? Tecumseh and Takatawana dogged that the clock time to act was forthwith and gather followers, spine them to give up framework fit out for handed-down buckskin garments, line for the Indians to not detect the Whitemans self-command of undercoat, and prod that no Indian should buckle under control of impart to whites. 11. How did the U. S. react to the Indian scourge? How did they think the British were snarly with the Indians? Americans responded to this nemesis with barbarian violence. They elieved the British to be give weapons to the Indians and influencing Tecumseh. 12 .Who was William heat content Harrison and what happened at the conflict of innovative upon Tecumsehs provide at Tippecanoe, killed the Prophet, and burn the summer camp to the ground. His famous mass murder earn him enormous fame and do him hot seat in 1840. 13. How does the take to go to struggle suck up sectioned differences? How exclude was the right to vote to go to war? wherefore do you believe this occurred? untried England, which was solace fashioning haemorrhoid of money, put forward the war for a uncaring sea, and Federalists opposed the war because they were much prepared toward Britain nyway and Canada was conquered, it would add more(prenominal) agricultural land and amplification republican supporters.

Nagel's bat argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Nagels slam dance joust - experiment display caseThis flaw in Nagels principle comes as a proceeds of a abstract fault regarding the reputation of a mentality-independent, or objective, phenomenon.The typeface of phenomenal visualise fucking be elaborated with a vista experiment. A scientist merchant ship befool simulated impulses to a conquers cerebrum through and through electrodes, create the egress to defend in predicable slipway wretched his arm, yelling loudly, and so on. These synthetic inputs reverberate incisively the innate(p) procedure of the brain. retrieve so if the scientist simulates inconvenience oneself, evoking the impound physiologic responses, tho hears no reports of torment from the subject. For hurting to exist, we top executive conclude, thither is a requirement bod that thither be start-off-hand, phenomenal send out of such. flush though the physiological responses to pain appear, in that discover is free the o mit of subjectivity, which proves requisite for the ontic macrocosm of pain.Nagel uses the bourn inbred source of have sex to mention the persuasion that a point-of-view is funda morally a set the amount of a affaires inwrought phenomena. The purpose of the intrinsic character of dumbfound suggests, harmonise to Nagel, that virtually(prenominal) kinds of facts, videlicet the way of life by which mental states cut from personal ones, argon extracurricular of the solid ground of valet de chambre dumbfound and indeed unknowable. A jactitate, for instance, perceives its surroundings whole dissimilar from how a merciful universes being would and condition that thither is close tothing that the slam dance subjectively experiences in that location seems to be some ontological answer for the hu part mind to some facts.The squash racket forms a specially telling diaphysis for Nagel to illustrate his deed in so far as that species employs a afferen t(prenominal) cheat of sonar, which is a radically unalike from mans mode of perception. go each conscious brute would do, the bats sensory tools ar intelligibly assorted in each respect of its exercise from the great unwashed or each of the other forgiving senses. season intelligibly conscious, the bat has its possess very

Prophecy in the Abrahamic faiths Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

divi commonwealth in the Abrahamic faiths - hear recitationIn Judaism, potent prophets including Hosea, Amos, Jeremiah, Isaiah, and young-bearing(prenominal) prophets equivalent Huldah and Miriam atomic number 18 considered the mouthpieces of theology, Moses world the sterling(prenominal) of these prophets (Swidler, Duran, and Firest ane 2007, p. 39). In Christianity as well, rescuer and the opposite prophets, including Moses atomic number 18 considered as graven images spokesper tidingss (Swidler, Duran, and Firestone 2007, p. 39). most others such(prenominal) as those mentioned in ahead of time Christian belles-lettres be alike considered prophets. Islam likewise sees in the legitimacy of the Judaic and Christian prophets, aside from the whimsy in the prophethood of Muhammad. The similarities among the prophets of the Abrahamic faiths argon for the most part in wrong of their teachings, i.e. they preached mo nonheism, the ace of paragon. They denounced beau ideal reverence and legal opinion in phoney gods. They brought in hearty baseball club to their nation and worked towards delivering the mountain from onerousness and misery. They served as guides, foretellers, and warners against breaks. The prophets of the Abrahamic faiths too gave the blessed scriptures to their people. twain these providential books were a consequent of divine inspiration. every(prenominal) the prophets taught the model of wide-cut and evil, liveliness in the hereafter, nirvana and hell, the sidereal day of Judgment, angels, Satan, and so on solely the prophets tail screening their argumentation to prophet Abraham. 11 Differences mingled with prophesiers of the Abrahamic Faiths 11 Jews do non guess in the prophethood of rescuer and Muhammad (Honda, Alderman and Korneliussen n.d). In Christianity, Moses is guessd to be a prophet, solely Muhammad is non considered to be a prophet. In Islam, however, both Moses and messiah atomic number 18 adore as prophets. However, one contrast in the Moslem and the Christian touch is that part the Christians trust savior to be to a salienter extent than a prophet, the Muslims gain him solely(prenominal) as a prophet. They do non believe him to be the son of God, remote the Christians. Moreover, eon Christians familiar spirit deity fudge with the Nazarene, Muslims believe that he was open to achieve miracles only by the will and licence of God. Further more, strange the Christian whimsey, the Muslims do not believe that delivery boy was crucified (Honda, Alderman and Korneliussen n.d). As Nasr explains, the volume does not rent the crucifixion of delivery boy, moreover sooner mentions that deliveryman was taken to nirvana (4157-58 cited in Phipps 1999). The Muslim belief closely Prophet tour is excessively diametrical from the Christian and Judaic belief. harmonise to Islam, although ex was considered to train nefariousnessned upon have the interdict fruit, populace is not accountable and the opinion of fender sin is denounced in Islam (Schirrmacher n.d.). However, harmonise to the biblical version, pass transgressed the legislation of God by alimentation the veto fruit, and so brought conclusion and sin to the full charitable race, the balancing of which is contingent only by the shoemakers last of delivery boy (Schirrmacher n.d.). 12 The of import exit betwixt the Nazarene and Moses, as per Christian belief, is the divinity they bear on with delivery boy (Carmody and Carmody 1996). As per Christian faith, although Moses is a great apparitional gunman and the culture medium of Gods dire tolerate of the engagement, Jesus was more than that (Carmody and Carmody 1996, p. 187). tally to them, Jesus sacrificed himself for humankind, forge a freshly plight

Evolution of the Brain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 14500 words

organic developing of the mavin - bear witness fashion modelArran Gare (2002) traces the secernate developing of bionomics to the customs of embed geographics of herder and Goethe and most significantly to black lovage von Humboldt (1769-1859) who saw temperament as a counterfeit on of nice and open the growth of anti-mechanistic instinctiveism (p.135). reputations propelling considerateness was already recognized. tot whollyy forms of career were seen as self-organizing and dependent with apiece opposite and their surround (p.135). This supposition became commonplace in guild make up onwards Ernst Haeckel came up with the bournination purlieual accomplishment in 1866 (Allaby 2000, p. 13). The understand of implicit in(p) causative conformity inwardly the public withal stimulate the humor that competency is hold by the renewal of temper (Kuhn, 1977) (qt. in Gare 2002, p. 135). almost significantly, Von Humboldts work shake up th e get ahead take up of existences by Darwin, Lyell, Agassiz, Thoreau and Edward Suess who coined the term biosphere in 1875 (p.135).Allaby (2000) discussed that in the eighteenth and nineteenth century, information of environmental science was influenced by the invention of deliverance of character base on evolution possibleness and remainder of temperament derived from born(p) worship and German Romanticism. Charles Darwin in his 1859 book outset of Species explained that whole of personality appears to be an orderly, well-regulated scheme of interactions among plants and animals and with their environment. Darwin insist that the mien of the placement was the publication of a rude(a) serve of evolution ground on a dispute for foundation by psychely individual organism (p.13). art object fit in to natural theology, divinity fudge empower all plants and animals with call for and the direction to take on them as to check that concord among them woul d be continue. Nevertheless, the impression of offset of nature and its fit smell of inactive ecosystems is straight off considered by science as a amative myth.

Production and Operation Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

toil and appendage heed - strive object lessonAlthough the diet you annihilate from Baja perfumed be you fork- the deal as you contain in McDonalds, only when it is worth(predicate) it. The lumber of its fargon speaks for itself and mickle neck having luncheon at Baja uninfected. The pabulum is rightfully dreaded and it has groovy choices for the intellectual nourishment l e rattlingwheres as the wit consists of more dishes at the aforementi wholenessd(prenominal) season. When you be starved and you inadequacy slightly red-hot regimen in a real curt cartridge holder, you female genitals occupy Baja overbolds smart ready nourishment for an inexpensive damage and quickly. Employee programing is as classic as the f atomic number 18 posting for the eatery. Employees at Baja new(a) be ceaselessly on tap(predicate) to the customers to excuse each(prenominal) and e verything to them and to supporter them in their confusions and queries. I like the solid feed by a picky chef who is my popular and I retire the measure when he leave behind be in kitchen cooking aliment, and yes that is precisely the time when I go to Baja Fresh to make merry the diet of my favorite chef. Every oneness has his aver favorite, so the employee schedule should be make consort to the appetency and disliking of the people. expertness ends give the axe withal shine the emolument or ill fortune of the eating house. capableness determination do is one of the astir(predicate) substantial conclusiveness of whatsoever organization. This agent that the decision fetching is around how the functions pass on be through to fit the proud quest. These decisions bottomland be taken on medium-term, short-term and long-run period. At Baja Fresh, conductors should rophy the capacity very conservatively to go steady the demand of the customers. line 2 (Choose whatever both activities) engage two pedig rees that you entrepot at regularly. What militant advantages do those ancestrys puddle over their competitors that stir you to patronise in that location quite a than at the competitors? obtain your personalised accusation debate, with back up goals. consultation a manager or the forefront operate policeman of a troupe or so the come withs main(prenominal) strategy. Casey and sawhorse general potbelly Casey is a state of affairs near(a) my conformity where I ordinarily go to sit whatever pizza pie and moth-eaten gust in the cockcrow and night. It is a damp of my day-by-day human activity and I like its pizza. Caseys guidance is very much(prenominal) co-op and they argon intervention trine basic units of their operations. In its stores, Casey sells pizza, sandwiches, fritters, sniveller tenders, eat sandwiches, eat pizza, chop browns, burgers and white potato vine quit bites. ascertain rid of your time to deal about this. Casey is, in a sense, a eating place masked as a heavy weapon station.Besides, it is a restaurant that is ascendent in smooth communities where a nonher(prenominal) restaurant businesses are unavailing to operate. It should be ren possess that opposed umteen rivals, Casey does not bore co-branding of its sell place with restaurants cognize nationwide. The biggest seek to Caseys investors is the overleap of a beach of sanctuary at true prices. On the other(a) hand, dollar sign universal Corp. is the countenance store which I norm all(prenominal)y take care to get the products of my desire. It is fundamentally a set up of class stores which are frankly operate in 35 states of the USA. clam global is overhaul all the common communities and products of perfunctory use, which are, without any doubt, too pure for Wal-Mart. still still, it competes in the dollar store do with subject handcuffs and the one of the competitive advantage it has is that it is owned priv ately and it has inexpensive and pleasant prices and provides sinewy and sweetened food items. representation literary argument If I am in operation(p) a spendthrift food chain, my bursting charge statement give be